状语从句
时间状语从句
when, while和as
when, while和as都有“当…时候”的意思。
There were fewer sandstorms when my grandparents were young. 我祖父母年轻时沙尘暴要少些。
While Millie was watching TV, her mum was sleeping. 米莉在睡觉时她的妈妈在看电视。
when和as既可以指某一点时间,也可以指某一段时间,其从句谓语动词标识的动作既可以是瞬时性的,也可以是延续性的;
while指一段时间,其谓语动词必须是延续性的。
即:指一段时间时,when, while和as都可以用;指一个时间点时,只能用when或as,不能用while。
When/As he woke up, it was eight o’clock. (√)
While he woke up, it was eight o’clock. (×)
When/While/As I was waiting for a bus, I met her. (√)
when引导的从句的谓语动作可以在主句的谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生,while和as引导的从句谓语动作必须是和主句位于动作同时发生。
when he finished his home work, he played the computer games for a while. 当他完成作业后,他玩了会儿电脑游戏。(finished先发生)
When I got to the museum, the door was closed. 当我赶到博物馆时,大门已经关上了。(got to后发生)
While/As I was sleeping, the telephone rang. 当我睡觉时,电话响了。(was sleeping和rang同时发生)
当主句、从句同时发生且从句动作为延续性动词时,when, while和as都可使用。
When/While/As she was making a phone call, I was writing an email. 当他在打电话时,我正在写一封电子邮件。(make为延续性动词)
When/While/As we were reading, a stranger came in. 当我们正在看书时,一位陌生人走了进来。(read为延续性动词)
强调两个动作同时进行,常用“过去进行时+while+过去进行时”结构。如:
They were rowing boats while we were climbing the hill. 当我们在爬山时,他们在划船。
强调某个动作发生的时候,另一个动作正在进行,常用“一般过去时+while+过去进行时”如:
It began to rain heavily while we were having dinner.我们在吃晚饭时,开始下起大雨。
强调某个动作正在进行时,另一个动作突然发生,常用“过去进行时+when+一般过去时”结构。如:
I was walking in the street when he called me.我正在街上走时,他突然喊我。
当主句、从句动作同时进行,从句动作的时间概念淡化,而主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时,只能用as。这时,as有“随着…”;“一边…,一边…”之意。
As years go by, China is getting richer and stronger. 随着时间一年一年过去,中国变得越来越强了。
The little grils sang as they played. 小姑娘们一边玩一边唱。
As soon as和whenever引导的时间状语从句
我们常用 as soon as和whenever引导时间状语从句。如:
As soon as I arrive in Canada, I will call you. 我一到加拿大,就给你打电话。
Whenever he met us, he smiled at us. 他每次遇见我们,都向我们微笑。
as soon as意思是“一…就…”。如:
We began to work as soon as we got there. 我们一到那里就开始工作。
He will visit you as soon as he gets there. 他一到那里就会去拜访你。
whenever意思是“每当;任何时候”。如:
He likes listening to music whenever he has time. 每当他有时间的时侯,他喜欢听音乐。
注意:whenever可以用every time替换。
since、till和 until引导的时间状语从句
since、till和 until常用来引导时间状语从句。如:
Mr Brown has been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开,布朗先生就一直待在北京。
I worked till/until he came back. 我一直工作到他回来为止。
since意思是“自从……以来”。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。如:
They have been friends since they were at primary school.他们从小学起就一直是好朋友。
注意:since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性动词,也可以是瞬时动词。
till和 until意思是“到……为止”,一般情况下两者可以互换,但till不如 until正式。如:
Walk till/until you see a white house. 一直走到你看到一座白房子为止。
注意:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词,该动词用否定形式,形成“not…till/until”结构。意思是“直到…才(开始)”。如:
I did not go to bed till/until I finished my homework.直到做完作业我才上床睡党。
before、 after、when和 while引导的时间状语从句
时间状语从句是指在复合句中充当时间状语的句子。如:
When the weather is good, my grandpa likes going fishing. 当天气好的时候,我爷喜欢去钓鱼。
The sun came out after the storm stoppe. 暴风雨停止后,大阳出来了。
注意:我们可以用 before、 after、when和 while s导时间状语从句,这些词既可放在句首也可放在句中。
before意思是“在………之前”,表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前。如:
Close the windows before you leave the room, please. 在你离开房间前,请关上窗。
after意思是“在…之后”,表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。如:
I went to school after I finished my breakfast. 我吃完早饭后去上学。
when意思是“当………时”,表示主句动作发生的特定时间。如:
The days get longer when spring comes. 春天到来时,白天变长了。
注意:when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的,也可以是瞬时性的。
while意思是“当……时”,强调主句动作和从句动作是同时发生的。如:
While my sister was sweeping the floor, I was washing the dishes. 我姐姐扫地时,我在洗碗。
注意:while引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的。
while还可以表示“在…期间”,表示主句动作发生在从句动作进行的过程中。如:
While the boys were playing football, it rained. 当男孩子们踢足球时,下雨了。
注意:在When和 while引导的从句中,当主句和从句的主语一致,并且从句中有be动词时,可以省略主语和be动词,构成when/ while+-ing结构。如:
When(she is) in trouble, she always a9 ks for my help. 她遇到困难时总是向我求助。
While(I am) travelling, I like to buy some souvenirs. 旅游时我喜欢买纪念品。
条件状语从句
if引导的条件状语从句
条件状语从句在复合句中表示主句动作发生的条件。
if意思是“如果;假如”,表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。如:
If it does not rain tomorrow, we will go hiking. 如果明天不下雨,我们就去远足。
You will get good grades if you study har. 如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩。
注意:if引导的条件状语从句可以位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。如果从句在前,从句与主句之间要用逗号隔开。
在if引导的条件状语从句中,主句中的动词常用一般将来时,从句中的动词用一般现在时。如:
If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你请他(帮忙),他会帮你的。
They are going to have a picnic if they are free next Saturday. 如果下周六有空,他们就去野餐。
在if引导的条件状语从句中,主句也可含有情态动词或是祈使句。如:
If it is fine tomorrow, we can go and fly the kite. 如果明天天气好,我们可以去放风筝。
Don’t miss the programme if you like music. 如果你喜欢音乐,不要错过这个节目。
注意:在引导的条件状语从句中,无论主句用一般将来时、情态动词还是祈使句,从句均用一般现在时。
Unless引导的条件状语从句
我们还可以用 unless来引导条件状语从句。如:
Unless he studies hard, he will never pass the exam. 除非他刻苦学习,否则考试永远不能及格。
We will not get there on time unless we leave earlier. 如果我们不早点离开,就不能准时到那里。
unless意思是“除非,如果不”,相当于if…not。如:
You will be late unless you leave at once. 如果你不马上走,你将会迟到。
=If you do not leave at once, you will be late.
注意:当某种条件所引起的结果是一种情绪或想法时,不能使用 unless,只能用if … not。如:
I will be angry if I am not invited to the party. (√ )
I will be angry unless I am invited to the party. (× )
在 unless i引导的条件状语从句中,主句中的动词常用一般将来时,从句中的动词用一般现在时。如:
Unless it rains, the game will be played. 除非下雨,否则比赛将照常进行。
同if引导的条件状语从句一样,在 unless引导的条件状语从句中,主句也可以含有情态动词或是祈使句。如:
He cannot see clearly unless he wears glasse,他不戴眼镜就看不清楚。
Dont touch the machine unless the teacher allows you to. 没有老师的允许,不要乱动机器。
结果状语从句和目的状语从句
so … that和such … that引导的结果状语从句
结果状语从句用来补充说明主句动作发生所带来的结果。如:
The boy is so young that he cannot go to school.那个男孩年纪太小,不能上学。
It is such nice weather that I would like to go to the beach.天气这么好,我想去海滩。
“so…that”意思是“如此……以至于”。其中so是副词,用来修饰形容词或副词。如:
He studied so hard that he made great progress. 他如此用功,取得了很大的进步。
“such…that”的意思与“so…that”相同。但由于such是限定词,所以只能修饰名词或名词词组。如:
Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.迈克是个很诚实的人,大家都相信他。
so … that引导的目的状语从句
目的状语从句用以说明主句动作发生的目的。如:
Say it louder so that everyone can hear you. 大声说,让大家都能听到你。
I am going to take an early bus so that I will get there in time. 我打算乘早班公共汽车,以便及时赶到那里。
我们常用 so that引导目的状语从句,其中 so that意思是“以便”,可以与 in order that相替换。如:
We will come at eight so that the meeting can begin early. 我们八点来,以便会议能早点开始。
=We will come at eight in order that the meeting can begin early.
在目的状语从句中,多使用情态动词can、may、wil、 could、 might、 would或 should等。如:
I got up early so that I could catch the first bus. 我起得很早,目的是为了赶上首班公共汽车。
让步状语从句
although和 though引导的让步状语从句
让步状语从句表示即便出现从句中的情况,主句动作仍然会发生,有“退一步说…”的意思。如:
I will try it, although I may fail. 即使我可能失败,我也要试一下。
Though he did not have much money, he was still happy. 虽然他不富有,但他很快乐。
注意:although和though常用来引导让步状语从句,这两个连词意思大致相同,在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中, though较常使用, although比 though更正式一些。
although和 though意思是“尽管”、“虽然”、“即使”。如:
Although/Though it was only elght oclock, there were few people in the streets. 虽然才八点钟,街上就没什么人了。
although和 though引导的让步状语从句不能和but连用,但可以同yet连用。如:
Although/Though you are a little younger than me, yet you are much taller. (√)
Although/Though you are a little youngerthan me, but you are much taller. (×)
原因状语从句
because引导的原因状语从句
原因状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生原因的句子。如:
I did not go to school yesterday because I was ill. 我昨天没去上学,因为我生病了。
Because it was raining, we had to stay at home. 因为下雨,我们只好待在家里。
because意思是“因为”,表示动作发生的直接原因,语气很强,常用来回答why引导的疑问句。如:
Why did’t he go with us today? 他为什么今天没跟我们一起去?
Because he was too tired. 因为他太累了。
汉语里我们习惯说“因为……所以……”,但使用英语时不能将 because与so连用。如:
Because my bike was broken, I went to school by bus yesterday. (√)
Because my bike was broken, so I went to school by bus yesterday. (×)
since和as引导的原因状语从句
我们也可以用 Since和as引导原因状语从句。如:
Since you are free, you’d better tidy your bedroom. 既然你有空,你最好把卧室整理一下。
As you were not there, I left a message. 因为你不在那里,所以我留了个信儿。
注意:和 because相比,Since和as的语气稍弱。
Since意思是“既然;由于;因为”表示已知的、显然的理由,较正式,多位于句首。如:
Since it is late, I shall go home right now. (由于)时间不早了,我得马上回家。
as和 since的用法大体相同,表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”。如:
As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi. 既然在下雨,你最好乘出租车。